E-fuels are emerging as a promising solution for decarbonising transport sectors that are difficult to electrify, including aviation and shipping. Various technological pathways have emerged, from Power-to-Liquid (PtL) processes yielding synthetic kerosene and diesel to Power-to-Gas (PtG) routes producing synthetic methane and other gaseous fuels. Recent innovations in catalyst development, reactor design, and process integration are driving improvements, new business models, and potential cost reductions across the e-fuel value chain. The presentation will explore these key production pathways, highlighting key innovations, as well as discussing the wider challenges and opportunities for e-fuel deployment.